Erythropoietin (EPO) is a naturally occurring hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. Recombinant EPO (rHuEPO), developed for medical use, has been misused in sports for decades to enhance endurance and performance by boosting aerobic capacity (VO2 max) by an estimated 5-10%.
💪 Why Athletes Use It
The primary benefit for athletes in sports like kickboxing and football is improved endurance and delayed fatigue. By increasing oxygen delivery to muscles, EPO allows athletes to train harder and compete for longer before exhaustion sets in.
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For Kickboxing: While typically associated with endurance sports, EPO misuse is not unheard of in power-based disciplines. For a kickboxer, enhanced stamina can be critical for maintaining performance through later rounds of a fight, though its use remains a significant threat in combat sports.
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For Football (Soccer): A footballer covers extensive distances during a match. EPO use aims to reduce muscle fatigue and improve oxygen supply to tissues, allowing for sustained high-intensity running throughout the game.
🛡️ Anti-Doping Measures
EPO has been banned in sport since the early 1990s. However, despite of these measures, the desire for a competitive edge persists. Some athletes attempt to “micro-dose” or time their injections to evade detection, and the case of the Juventus doctor in 2004 highlights the historical and systemic nature of the issue even in top-tier football
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